Othello setting act5, scene 1 & 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Othello setting act5, scene 1 and 2 - Essay Example The impact of the setting is that, it has made it feasible for abhorrence to be submitted without the capacity to figure out who is submitting the insidiousness against the others. Then again, Act V scene II is in a room setting inside the manor, where Desdemona at last meets her demise (Shakespeare, „187). Instead of the setting loaded with obscurity in Scene I, the setting in Scene II is one where the demonstrations of each character are unmistakable. In this way under this setting, the wrongs deeds of the characters presently go to the open, where the miscreants who have been harming each other are known. It is presently conceivable to determine what who has been holding resentment against the other, and what reasons advise the sweet vengeance (Shakespeare, „195). Accordingly, there is a complexity in the setting of Scene I and Scene II in Act V, and the impact of the settings differentiate is to conceal the indecencies of various characters under Scene I, however their shades of malice are revealed in Scene

A discussion of the symbolism of death in Edgar Allen Poe

Onlyâ theâ peopleâ ofâ hisâ ageâ orâ generationâ obliqueâ inâ openingâ upâ areasâ ofâ humanâ experienceâ forâ creativeâ handlingâ whichâ heâ established.â Theâ realityâ forâ humanâ beingâ isâ basicallyâ veryâ deepâ accordingâ toâ hisâ idea,â hisâ ideaâ alsoâ statesâ thatâ humanâ being’sâ realityâ differsâ toâ outsideâ reality,â andâ natureâ isâ intenselyâ unreasonable.As theâ telepathistâ ofâ theâ currentâ emotionalâ response,â symbolistâ associationâ orâ groupâ calledâ himâ afterâ theâ generationâ gapâ ofâ two.â Edgarâ lostâ hisâ motherâ throughâ exploitationâ andâ fatherâ throughâ neglectingâ atâ veryâ youngâ ageâ ofâ 3â years;â heâ hasâ onlyâ olderâ brotherâ andâ youngerâ sister.The childrenâ ofâ hisâ familiesâ wereâ dividedâ up,â goingâ toâ differentâ peopleâ h ouseâ toâ live.â Edgarâ wentâ Virginiaâ thatâ isâ homeâ ofâ Francesâ Allanâ andâ Johnâ whichâ gaveâ himâ aâ middleâ nameâ Poe,â andâ theâ houseâ wasâ aâ charitableâ Richmond.The connectionâ betweenâ Poe’sâ effort,â hardâ workâ andâ hisâ terrifyingâ lifeâ isn’tâ tough.â Behindâ aâ showâ ofâ sometimesâ significant,â sometimesâ reducedâ â€Å"realism,†Ã¢ hisâ imaginaryâ workâ looksâ likeâ theâ dreamsâ ofâ aâ troubledâ individualâ whoâ keepsâ comingâ back,â nightâ afterâ night,â toâ theâ sameâ patternâ ofâ dream.At thatâ periodâ heâ tracesâ outâ theâ patternâ evenly,â atâ otherâ timesâ inâ aâ â€Å"considerate†Ã¢ humor,â butâ normallyâ theâ mannerâ isâ terror.â Heâ findsâ himselfâ downward,â intoâ aâ basement,â aâ wineâ burialâ chamber,â eddy,â always â falling.To showâ theâ investigationâ ofâ theâ humanâ being,â anâ exampleâ wasâ givenâ toâ hisâ opponentâ byâ Poe.â Theâ exampleâ wasâ aboutâ theâ finalâ arrivalâ ofâ theâ deepâ privacyâ ofâ hisâ internalâ personalityâ forâ himselfâ byâ goingâ awayâ deepâ intoâ himselfâ .Accordingâ toâ theâ investigation,â toâ distinguishâ muchâ ofâ twentieth centuryâ skill,â andâ itâ isâ theâ notableâ successâ ofâ Poeâ asâ anâ performerâ thatâ hisâ workâ looksâ aheadâ withâ suchâ amazingâ accuracyâ toâ theâ workâ ofâ theâ centuryâ thatâ followed. When seeingâ theâ buildingâ atâ firstâ sight,â hisâ courageâ wasâ pervade,â seeingâ theâ unbearableâ darkness,â heâ wasâ notâ knowingâ howâ itâ happenedâ toâ him.Before himâ heâ lookedâ atâ theâ sceneâ ofâ theâ wallsâ whichâ where â unwelcoming,â theâ windowsâ whichâ wereâ vacant,â theâ houseâ whichâ areâ plainâ orâ measly,â andâ theâ straightforwardâ sceneryâ featuresâ ofâ theâ area,â heâ alsoâ lookedâ uponâ aâ smallâ numberâ ofâ gradeâ sedges,â theâ treesâ whereâ decomposedâ andâ hadâ white  trunks,â withâ anâ absoluteâ depressionâ ofâ soulâ whichâ heâ canâ compareâ toâ noâ possibleâ feelingâ moreâ correctlyâ thanâ toâ theâ after,â inâ everydayâ lifeâ thereâ isâ sourâ fall,â theâ coveringâ wasâ tooâ droppingâ andâ ugly,â dreamâ ofâ theâ revellerâ uponâ opium.Presently thereâ wasâ coolness,â aâ dipping;â anâ illnessâ ofâ theâ heart,â notâ convertâ dullnessâ ofâ thinkingâ whichâ notâ makeâ ofâ theâ imaginationâ mightâ sufferâ intoâ aughtâ ofâ theâ inspiring.â Whatâ wasâ itâ â€â Heâ s ilencedâ toâ believeâ â€â whatâ wasâ itâ thatâ soâ scaredâ himâ inâ theâ meditationâ ofâ theâ Houseâ ofâ Usher?It neitherâ wasâ anâ inscrutabilityâ everyâ oneâ unsolvable;â norâ canâ Heâ struggleâ byâ wayâ ofâ theâ obscureâ imagineâ thatâ packedâ aheadâ himâ becauseâ Heâ considered.He wasâ requiredâ toâ dropâ reverseâ aheadâ theâ unacceptableâ end,â thatâ atâ theâ sameâ timeâ as,â furtherâ thanâ uncertainty,â thereâ areâ mixturesâ ofâ extremelyâ straightforwardâ ordinaryâ substanceâ whichâ containâ theâ controlâ ofâ thereforeâ touchingâ everyone,â unmovingâ theâ examinationâ ofâ thisâ authorityâ dishonestyâ amongstâ thoughtsâ awayâ fromâ theâ deepness.â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â à ¢ â â â â â â â â â â â Workâ citedâ page:www.bookrags.com.â Marchâ 26,â 2008.â http://www.bookrags.com/history/edgar-allan-poe/.www.classic-literature.co.uk.â Marchâ 26,â 2008.â http://www.classic-literature.co.uk/american-writers/nineteenth century/edgar-allan-poe/the-fall-of-the-place of-usher/www.classic-literature.co.uk.â Marchâ 26,â 2008.â http://www.classic-literature.co.uk/american-writers/nineteenth century/edgar-allan-poe/the-fall-of-the-place of-usher/book-page-02.asp Â

25 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better Writer

25 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better Writer 25 Essay Writing Tips That Will Make You a Strong Writer Essays are common assignments for college and university students, they may be parts of standardized tests, and they are required on college applications. The ability to write effective essays of different types is vital for academic success so here you have top 25 writing tips that will make you a better writer. But before we delve into details, let’s start with a basic definition of an essay and the most common essay types. The Basics of Essay Writing An essay is a short non-fiction writing assignment about a particular topic. The purpose of an academic essay is to encourage students to express and develop concepts and ideas based on evidence. A good academic essay should answer the question, have a strong thesis statement and an argument, develop a thesis by reasoning and evidence, include relevant examples, and supporting evidence from credible sources. There are four main types of essays you should distinguish: Narrative essays tell a story Descriptive essays present a picture using words and appealing to emotions Expository essays inform the reader on the topic using facts Argumentative (persuasive) essays convince the audience to accept the writer’s point of view. These types of assignments are the most common that students encounter in their writing classes. Although we can speak about some possible basic steps in writing an essay, the writing process is not linear. You might need to return to and go through the different stages several times when you are working on your essay. Here are the main steps in writing an essay: Analyze the question and determine the key terms Research your topic Organize your thoughts and make an outline of your ideas Write your thesis statement Craft the first draft Re-read the draft and make changes Edit your essay, check references and citations Proofread your essay to eliminate grammar and spelling mistakes and typos Following these steps will make writing your successful essay easier. Top Tips for Writing College Essay That Stands Out These are the best tips that will help you complete any college writing assignment and college application essays. If you need more advice, you can find lots of general academic writing tips as well as technical writing tips on the web. Start writing your essay earlier and not on the night before it’s due. Thinking of approaching deadline will add extra stress and won’t help you in the arduous writing process. Focus on your writing and avoid distractions â€" turn off the internet, shut downs all other programs on your computer, turn off your cell phone. Look for a writing center or a writing lab in your campus to get help or hire online assignment writer. Make sure that you understand the instruction/prompt for your essay. If you have any doubts, ask your instructor in person or via email for an explanation. Answer the question/prompt and follow the instruction when writing. Your essay can be successful and get you a good grade only if you are relevant. Don’t plunge into the writing but take your time to think about your topic and make your essay’s outline with bullet points. Write the first draft and put it away for some days. Then review it carefully to find and improve weak points and fix grammar and spelling errors. Your first draft should never be your final draft. The introduction is vital so make it straight to the point. Avoid unnecessary information or otherwise, you may distract your reader from the purpose of your project. Start your essay with a grabber to engage your audience. End your first paragraph with a thesis statement that explains to your reader what your main point or your argument is. Be consistent in using a citation method when citing your sources. Use the citation style that your instructor prefers. Use all quotes from outside sources with proper references to avoid plagiarism. Write body paragraphs. Develop your essay and make sure that the paragraphs constantly point back to the thesis statement and support your argument with evidence. Make your essay balanced and give more space to the most important issues. Write the concluding paragraph and review quickly what you wanted to present in your essay. You may experiment and write the conclusion first before you start writing the introduction and the body paragraphs. Use active voice instead of passive wherever it is possible. Use an online dictionary and thesaurus to improve the word choice and convey your ideas effectively. Avoid colloquialisms and contractions that cannot be used in formal written English. Connect your ideas using transition words to make your writing flow naturally and avoid repetitions. Revise and rewrite. Revision is the key to all well-written papers. Write several versions of your paper. Make your first draft flawless through various rewrites. Edit your essay and improve the quality of writing. Read your essay aloud and fix the sentences that sound awkward or don’t make sense. Ask people for input. Your friends, family, and classmates can check your essay and give you valuable advice. Use online grammar and spell checkers to eliminate mistakes and typos. lways submit your essays and research papers on time if you want to avoid point deductions. Writing skills require hard work and many hours of practice. You can’t become a strong writer if you just read essay writing guides or easy writing tips no matter how good they are. The key to mastering your own writing skills is reading and analyzing well-written model essays, and then practicing and writing, rewriting, and practicing more. If you struggle with writing essays, the best way to become a strong writer is to get professional essay writer help. If you hire an experienced online essay writer on our website, you will get an awesome essay that will be perfect in content, structure, style, and error-free. It will serve you as a perfect template for creating your own strong essays that will impress your professors and get you the grades you want.

Should Cell Phones Become A Distraction Essay - 1755 Words

There are countless other reasons for the proposal to be implemented. For instance, a revised curriculum in schools could positively impact the students of these schools. It’s vital that schools that allow students to use their cell phones in class immediately put a stop to this practice. However some people such as, Lisa Nielson would argue with this. She believes that cell phones are the way of the future and need to be embraced (Nielson, 2008, p.5.). However this needs to be the first step because cell phones become a distraction in the classroom. Luckily, Jack Tessier reports that many schools have already taken preventative measures, â€Å"many schools have implemented policies to restrict cell phone use by students and teachers† (Tessier, 2013). These policies are important to implement because if students are using their cell phones it follows that they are not listening to the teachers. Furthermore, schools need to cease their dependence on technology outside of the classroom. Cell phones slow students down and prevent them from efficiently completing their work. â€Å" Using your cell phone while completing a task takes 50 percent longer and you make up to 50 percent more errors.† (Kaminski 2015, p.2). Classroom activity for the most part should be limited to lectures and homework based on what was learned in class. This is necessary because students already know how to use technology, it’s important for them to learn to use their resources to complete assignments. They needShow MoreRelatedCell Phone Use And Cell Phones Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever witnessed disruptive cell phones usage in public? When is it acceptable, to use cell phones in public? Americans today have adapted the addiction of cell phone technology, the device accommodates more than just text or talking.Cell phone use is a problem in America and in our own homes. The existence of cell phones have changed the communication skills of many ro und the world. I believe the wave has sailed right along with rude public cell phone behavior.. B.(Thesis Statement)Read MoreCell Phone Use While Driving: Regulations are Overdue Essays1147 Words   |  5 Pagesto regulate the use of cell phones while driving is imperative because it’s dangerous, and current laws are not sufficient to curb the problem. Mobile phones, now known as cell phones, have been around since the 1940s; however, they did not become main stream until the 1980s. The original mobile phone design was large and bulky, and was only capable of making phone calls. According to the article, â€Å"Cellular Telephone,† â€Å"Modern handheld wireless digital devices (cell phones) typically offer an arrayRead MoreThe Problem with Cell Phones in Todays Society1390 Words   |  6 Pages11 Nov. 2014 Outline Thesis: The usage of cell phones in modern day society has caused quite the problem for citizens in this generation by being a major distraction, causing addictions, and has sadly became the main resource of communication. I. Introduction: What if every cell phone in the world crashed? How would society communicate? How would one know when someone’s birthday is without getting a notification for it? Some people wouldn’t even know when to get up each morning. Thirty yearsRead MoreDangers Of Cell Phones1241 Words   |  5 Pagesconvenience. Even though cell phones can be used as navigators and for quick communication. They can still lead us to car crashes and death departures in families. In most cases, cell phones being the chief culprit. Cell phone use in the car can cause brain distractions, addiction towards drivers and deteriorate driving skills. Altogether these reasons show that cell phone usage should be banned while driving, in order to prevent death and unnecessary trauma. Firstly, cell phones should be banned becauseRead MoreProhibiting Cell Phones in College Classes1401 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s society, people are being introduced to never-ending technology developments; the use of cellular phones is triggering a lot of debate in universities all over the United States. In a recent survey by Tindell and Bohlander (2012), over 97 percent of college student carry their cellular phones to class and use their cellular phones during lectures. Although cellular phones are prominently useful there have been a number of ramifications, which must be recognized within universities. LecturesRead MoreImportance Of Cell Phones In The Classroom1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of cell phones in the classroom is an immensely debated topic. Researchers and professors have done research and conducted experiments to decide if having technology in the classroom is beneficial or simply a distraction. Many school’s policies on the use of technology vary depending on the type of education system. The statistics given based on whether cell phone use is permitted at sch ool is oftentimes used to support one side of the argument. People tend to lean towards a specific sideRead MoreThe Importance Of Cell Phones In The Classroom1194 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology, even with the growing trend of cell phones being brought to school and used during class, our board of education must stick to the status quo, which is that cell phones should not be allowed in class. We need to disallow cell phones in class for three main reasons: they provide a temptation and distraction to students, studies have proven that cell phones correlate with lower test scores, and finally students can develop addictions to cell phones which can detrimentally affect the livesRead MoreEssay on should students be allowed to use cell phones in school1043 Words   |  5 Pages Persuasive Essay / Cellular Telephone Cell Phones: Many American youth now have cell phones that they carry with them everywhere .Should cell phones be allowed at school ?Many teachers and students claim that phones are distracting while many parents and students insist that phones are necessary. Write a persuasive essay explaining your position on the issue. Although not everybody would agree, but I think that cell phones should not be allowed to bring to school. I have severalRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Society938 Words   |  4 Pagesuseful. Cell phones, especially, can impact us in a very positive way. It would be very safe to assume that 75% of the world’s population owns a cell phone; young and old alike. Despite their popularity and constant use, however, the negative effects that cell phones have on their users outweighs the benefits. Although cell phones do have their perks, if they are used in the wrong way they can potentially become addictive toys that distract and destroy us. First off, texting has become a majorRead MoreCell Phones While Driving1322 Words   |  6 PagesShould cell phone use be banned while driving? Since the mid–1990’s, cell phones have been a part of our daily lives. Cell phones allow us to communicate with anyone, anytime, and anywhere even while we are driving, they are convent and make our lives easier. But is it safe to use a cell phone to talk, text, take pictures, surf the web, etc. while driving? Many drivers, especially young drivers think so. Many drivers do not think that glancing down at a cell phone for a few seconds to send or

Essay from Gina S. Falcone ThePensters Writing Contest Medalist #2

Cassandra sighed as she pulled into her parking spot. An empty grocery cart once again blocking her way. â€Å"Hi kitten!† She greeted her sister’s cat as she flicked on the light in their apartment. His high pitched meows meant he was hungry. She threw her obnoxiously big purse on the counter and sorted through the cabinet. One can of cat food left, damn. Cassandra opened the can and placed it on the floor for the cat. He ate it veraciously. She watched him for a minute, intrigued. Her stomach then growled reminding her that she was hungry herself. She went to the fridge, hoping that food would suddenly be stocked inside. No luck. An overripe banana, old spaghetti, and a half drank bottle of Sunny D. Casandra slammed the fridge. She loafed on the couch, wondering what they were going to do for dinner. She would probably have to make Mickey Mouse shaped waffles again. She knew her sister didn’t mind, but she was tired of it. She was tired of her living situation. Culinary school isn’t as glamourous when you’re 22 and in debt because of it. But at age 17, the world was at Cassandra’s fingertips. She graduated early and decided that was her ticket out. Her mother pleaded for her to reconsider; guilting her about the price of college. Cassandra wasn’t going to be convinced though. She was going to go live in California with her secret girlfriend, and become a chef like her grandfather. He was so proud of her. Where was she now though? Twenty-two years old and trying to figure out how to pay off her root canal procedure. What Cassandra thought was an escape from a life she grew tired of, became nothing but yet another depressing situation. Her girlfriend who also had a boyfriend, broke it off with her after their first rendezvous. The college itself was filled with pretentious rich kids who didn’t know the meaning of failure, humiliation, and desperation. They could only scoff at her past as they wielded their expensive knife sets. They didn’t even know how to use them right, idiots. When life in California became too dreary, Cassandra opted to do her internship back home. But New Mexico isn’t California, and after throwing out spore covered tomatoes, she was fired. Cassandra was fine though. She was working at her dad’s business at the same time and knew this meant she could just do it full time now. Cooking shows were her only retreat into a future she once had locked down. Her grandfather showed his obvious disdain towards her choice. What would seem like a total let down originally, became the only sure thing in her life. She was good at her job too. A call center for funeral homes, Cassandra knew everything there was to know about this kind of stuff. Of course the calls would become disheartening, but she was raised around death. Cassandra smiled, almost certain that her own private office was in the near future. Her dad took her aside and said that he was proud of her. Working 80 hours a week chasing a car payment while paying off those crooked dentists. She persevered despite what could have been seen as an utter failure. Cassandra did go through a pity period though, crying, drinking, and finding love in the wrong people. But California was merely a memory at this point, and not a bad one at that. She grinded her teeth out of habit and sat back up. If she was going to make waffles for the fifteenth millionth time, she was at least going to make them the best she ever could. However, she wanted a cigarette first and headed out to the porch. She lit the cancer stick and stared out to the greying sky. As she ashed her cigarette, she watched the neighbor kids push around the broken grocery cart. Cassandra laughed to herself. Sometimes we don’t need to fix the things that are broken, as long as they can still run. Even though life could be disappointing, she was still going to be the best she ever could be. No matter what that entailed. People like Cassandra, are few and far between. Her story doesn’t end with her achieving her wildest dreams, but with an appreciation of the many struggles she has and will face. Life wasn’t laden with let downs, but challenges. With full determination, Cassandra knew she would always overcome these periods in her life. Those kids who had the nicest of knives, would never know the joys of pushing a broken grocery cart. Life wasn’t over, and neither was the fight. But with nicotine on her breath, she scoffed. â€Å"Bring it on.†

The tale of Beowulf Free Essays

The tale of Beowulf begins and ends with the funeral of great kings. The funerals represented in this tale are decorated with rites that derive from the cultural traditions of the kings being laid to rest. Scyld Scefing is entombed within a barge decorated with signs of his accomplishments, while We will write a custom essay sample on The tale of Beowulf or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/beowulf-as-an-epic-hero/"Beowulf is enshrined within a barrow filled with relics of his rule. Yet within these traditional burials one can find traces of the men themselves as each makes requests that lead to the distinctiveness of their burials. This allows the funerals to become particularly distinctive as the author makes use of the elements, such as earth, fire, and water (Smith). Each funeral defines the symbolic ideas of motion versus grounded-ness represented in the lives of these two men, and the method in which each is carried out emphasizes the opposite ways in which they entered their lands and mounted their thrones. The funerals of both men are representative of their personalities as shown through their deeds and the ways in which they lived their lives. Though both men were valiant warriors and kings, their lives as youths and kings appear to be very different. The movement characteristic of Scyld Scefing’s funeral represents a continuation of the boldness and vigor with which he sailed through life. His life was continually one of forward motion from low to high estate, and he does not cease this motion in his death. The poem continues, â€Å"Forth he fared at the fated moment, sturdy Scyld to the shelter of God† (lines 26-27). His clansmen and subjects seem determined that their king should keep moving though he has been cut off from life, as they immediately â€Å"bore him over to ocean’s billow† (line 28). He is placed on a barge that is taken by the floods to an even higher and more celebrated place, and the words used by the author to describe this continue this motif of motion to an even higher estate. Such words and phrases as â€Å"outbound† highlight this motion, and as â€Å"No man is able to say in sooth [†¦] who harbored that freight,† his burial demonstrates that his resting place could mean yet another promotion for this king who had risen from foundling to royalty. The funeral given Beowulf differs greatly from that granted Scyld Scefing. Beowulf’s rites represent that of a more grounded king who had been home grown and bred specifically to become royalty. His funeral demonstrates no great motion, as his lineage is anchored and steeped in royalty. The rites take place within the land of his birth, and his tomb is laid upon a foundation of the soil upon which his ancestors walked. The writer establishes this in his recounting of the events: â€Å"They fashioned for him the folk of Geats firm on the earth a funeral-pile† (line 2821). The firmness with which this tomb is established upon the earth symbolizes the strength of Beowulf’s roots within his homeland. Around this is erected a wall, and this further strengthen’s Beowulf’s position as a foundational leader of his land. The monuments given to house this leader are built into the ground of the kingdom and given foundations akin to the roots that one finds in Beowulf’s lineage. His burial is akin to burying treasure (gold and precious stones), â€Å"trusting the ground with treasures of earls, gold in the earth† (2850), and this is in essence an act of giving back to the earth the treasure it has afforded. The funerals of Scefing and Beowulf also differ in the elements that attend each. According to critic George Clark in his essay â€Å"Beowulf’s Armor, † â€Å"Each funeral places the final offering of arms and armor and treasure in the context of one of the elements, water, fire, or earth† (429). While water is the dominant element in Scefing’s funeral, fire is used to herald the burial of Beowulf. The significance of the water for Scefing derives mainly from his history, as he was borne to the Danes on a small vessel as an abandoned infant. The water represents the deep, the void from which the king came and to which he is allowed to return. The story comes full circle for this king, as he is again borne away at the end of his life, given back to the water that offered him to the Danes. This is done on purpose by his clansmen, and highlighted by the narrator who writes, â€Å"No less these loaded the lordly gifts, thanes’ huge treasure, than those had done who in former time forth had sent him sole on the seas, a suckling child† (lines 43-46). He is again sent by himself â€Å"on the seas† into the unknown belly of the flood which had offered him up as a child. The fire for Beowulf is the opposite of this water, and this might also be seen as a reference to difference in his birth and youth. However, the narrative continues, â€Å"Wood-smoke rose black over blaze, and blent was the roar of flame with weeping (the wind was still), till the fire had broken the frame of bones† (2827-30). While the water takes Scefing away from the land, Beowulf’s fire offers up incense that rises and, as the ashes fall, remains forever mingled with the soil in the land of his birth. The narrator mentions that the wind was still, emphasizing the idea that no part of Beowulf’s burnt body or ashes is allowed to fly beyond the land of his birth and rule. He utterly belongs to this land, and the roaring of the fire becomes a dirge that rises and mingles with the sound of his subjects’ weeping. Yet the reader gets the feeling that Beowulf is not lost to his people. This fire is allowed to burn beyond Beowulf’s bones, consuming his flesh and, as â€Å"the smoke was by the sky devoured† (2838), the fire sends up Beowulf’s essence as a protection and covering for his land and people. Though the lives of Scefing and Beowulf were similar in many ways, they also differed in some very significant areas that have to do with how they came to be king. While Scefing begins life as a foundling and sustains upward motion that raises him to the estate of ruler, Beowulf is born a prince whose roots are grounded in his homeland. The elements used to represent these two men are also representative of their origins. Water is used to symbolize the rootless Scefing, while fire and earth symbolize Beowulf’s grounded ancestry. Both men are treasured by their people, yet allowed to fulfill their destinies by drifting or remaining rooted as has been their custom. Works Cited Beowulf. The Harvard Classics, Volume 49. Frances B. Grummere (Trans. ) 1910. P. F. Collier Son, 1993. Clark, George. â€Å"Beowulf’s Armor. † ELH. Vol. 32. No. 4. Dec. 1965. pp. 409-441. Smith, Jennifer. â€Å"Paradise Lost and Beowulf: The Christian/Pagan Hybrids of the Epic Tradition. † Department of English. Long Beach: California State University. http://www. csulb. edu/~jsmith10/miltbeow. htm How to cite The tale of Beowulf, Papers

Strategic and Objective Marketing Plan †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Strategic and Objective Marketing Plan. Answer: Introduction: I believe that my marketing plan is a successful marketing approach because it can be measured using the SMART marketing acronym (Zacharakis, Spinelli, Timmons, 2011). It is specific because the two primary objectives are to be achieved one at a time each with its plan. The plan is also measurable in that the goal is to attain brand awareness by 60% and 20% within one year. It is achievable in that its implementation in spread within a period and the goal of reaching the entire dog owners in Singapore is realistic because I have segmented the population on a behavioral basis. Furthermore, the marketing plan is realistic because based on the resource planning the projected growth in sales is in line with our sustainable competitive advantage and within the current distribution network. Lastly, the plan is timed because every projection has a timeline, budget, and the respective responsible department. While writing my Marketing plan, I have learned to be strategic and objective with my ideas; issues that I previously was struggling with. For instance, I can now be able to plan and summarize the primary points of my strategy irrespective of the distractions from the daily routine. Also, I have learned to monitor and measure my success objectively. I have also learned that even with such a promising marketing plan, I need a like-minded adequate team to make it successful. I would like to conduct a public survey the dog owners in Singapore namely German Shepherd Dog Club etc, and analyse the existing indirect competitors if I had extra time. I would undertake this by using a tool like open site explorer to run a competitive link analysis, to get content ideas from my competitors by putting the competitor URLs into ad words. Additionally, I would monitor the brand names of my competitor, shop the offerings of my competitor secretly and track the referral links of my customers on the twitter account (He, Zha, Li, 2013). References He, W., Zha, S., Li, L. (2013). Social media competitive analysis and text mining: A case Small Business 2/E. McGraw Hill Professional. study in the pizza industry.International Journal of Information Management,33(3), 464-472. Accessed on 2nd October 2017. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6e96/7447486fc04a0f23df54e5f8499901604900.pdf Zacharakis, A., Spinelli, S., Timmons, J. (2011).Business Plans that Work: A Guide for

5 More Tips for Cleaning Up Your Writing Right Now

5 More Tips for Cleaning Up Your Writing Right Now 5 More Tips for Cleaning Up Your Writing Right Now 5 More Tips for Cleaning Up Your Writing Right Now By Mark Nichol Last week, I offered some simple advice for immediately improving your prose, including suggestions having to do with punctuation, capitalization, and the like. Here are more recommendations, this time dealing with more qualitative issues: 1. Avoid cliches like the plague: You can’t omit them altogether and you shouldn’t try but take care when recasting a tired word or phrase into something fresh and new. When calling attention to hypocrisy, instead of reciting the cliche â€Å"This is a case of the pot calling the kettle black,† you could write, â€Å"Keywords: pot, kettle, black.† You can also play with words, referring to an especially distraught drama queen as a trauma queen. 2. Avoid filler phrases: Delete content-free wording like â€Å"be that as it may,† â€Å"to all intents and purposes,† and â€Å"in the final analysis.† These prolix protrusions pop up naturally in speech to bridge a gap between one thought and the next, but although you’re forgiven for including them in a first draft, there’s no excuse for letting them pass inspection when you review your writing or edit someone else’s. 3. Avoid verbosity: Watch for wordy phrases like â€Å"in order to,† unnecessary words and phrases like currently and â€Å"that is,† and smothered verbs (constructions in which a noun can be transformed into a verb, such as â€Å"offered an indication† when indicate will do.) 4. Avoid redundancies and repetition and saying the same thing twice: Take care to avoid doppleganger words in stock phrases common, like filler phrases, to spoken language but inimical to good writing like â€Å"actual fact† and â€Å"completely finished.† 5. Avoid repetitive sentence structure: Craft your prose in such a way that phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs flow smoothly (avoid a Dick-and-Jane style of writing reminiscent of text in primary-grade reading books) and consider the visual impact of your writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?3 Types of HeadingsConfusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

Free Essays on The Franklins Tale

â€Å"There was a Franklin with him, it appeared; white as a daisy-petal was his beard. As Justice at the Sessions none stood higher; He often had been Member for the Shire. As Sheriff he checked audit every entry. He was a model among landed gentry† (p12). â€Å"The Franklin’s Tale† by Geoffrey Chaucer is an admirable, noble, honorable love tale which, in some ways intertwines with â€Å"the Knight’s Tale.† In both Tales it’s a first sight love where marriage is a strong unbreakable bond where the women are not only the servants but the husbands to behind closed doors at least. Arveragus, a noble knight in Brittany, pronounced his undying love for Dorigen, who â€Å"amongst the loveliest under the sun† and she came from family â€Å"so high a kind.† Dorigen finally in the end â€Å"saw his worthiness† and felt ashamed for all the sorrow and anguish he had suffered and â€Å"took him as her beloved husband and lord†. Arveragus gave his promise as a knight that he would never darken her delight (p409). He took this promise to honor and obey her and all her love always keeping her first and never trying to use or abuse his authority against her, for that would bring shame upon his honor. With all his promises he had made to her Dorigen vowed to never break or harm the free run he set upon her and to be truthful, loving, caring, humble wife. They both vowed that if this not be true their hearts should be broken without a doubt. With all their love and obedience to each other they moved to his homeland. They lived a year of blissful love when he decided to go to Britain seeking higher arms and higher reputation in honor. He said he would only be gone a year, but was gone two years. Dorigen wept and moaned with soar for all the days he was gone. She made herself sick with worry. She would walk along the cliffs looking and watching the wave’s crash on to the black rocks below praying to god that he would vanish the rocks for her h... Free Essays on The Franklin's Tale Free Essays on The Franklin's Tale â€Å"There was a Franklin with him, it appeared; white as a daisy-petal was his beard. As Justice at the Sessions none stood higher; He often had been Member for the Shire. As Sheriff he checked audit every entry. He was a model among landed gentry† (p12). â€Å"The Franklin’s Tale† by Geoffrey Chaucer is an admirable, noble, honorable love tale which, in some ways intertwines with â€Å"the Knight’s Tale.† In both Tales it’s a first sight love where marriage is a strong unbreakable bond where the women are not only the servants but the husbands to behind closed doors at least. Arveragus, a noble knight in Brittany, pronounced his undying love for Dorigen, who â€Å"amongst the loveliest under the sun† and she came from family â€Å"so high a kind.† Dorigen finally in the end â€Å"saw his worthiness† and felt ashamed for all the sorrow and anguish he had suffered and â€Å"took him as her beloved husband and lord†. Arveragus gave his promise as a knight that he would never darken her delight (p409). He took this promise to honor and obey her and all her love always keeping her first and never trying to use or abuse his authority against her, for that would bring shame upon his honor. With all his promises he had made to her Dorigen vowed to never break or harm the free run he set upon her and to be truthful, loving, caring, humble wife. They both vowed that if this not be true their hearts should be broken without a doubt. With all their love and obedience to each other they moved to his homeland. They lived a year of blissful love when he decided to go to Britain seeking higher arms and higher reputation in honor. He said he would only be gone a year, but was gone two years. Dorigen wept and moaned with soar for all the days he was gone. She made herself sick with worry. She would walk along the cliffs looking and watching the wave’s crash on to the black rocks below praying to god that he would vanish the rocks for her h...

Evaluating websites Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluating websites - Research Paper Example The search engine estimates the number of websites existing on servers as its web crawling spider Googlebot crawls the World Wide Web. The CDC website’s domain is cdc.gov, which is its online identity. The website documents updated information as relates to health care and nursing profession. The website’s address is http://www.cdc.gov. The website provides timely information to the public on detection by the CDC professionals. Through the e-mail, add in on their website, CDC avails information to the public via personal mailboxes. The privacy in disposing mails at personal mailboxes enhances the privacy in the website. The website commands widespread of attention through the authoritarianism in the manner in which it dispenses sensitive and critical health alerts. It proves the first aid measures on how to address such emergencies with the key steps involved, this enhances its capability in realizing its set goals and objectives. The website outlines the sources of information for any verification. The manner in which it presented the Ebola outbreak citing Liberia as a source of the disease indicated and commanded trust from the public (Altman et al., 2014). In addition, the website has updated information as relates to health. The currency of the website makes it dependable upon when in need of current valuable information. The website clearly outlines the research methodologies the CDC employs in acquiring all the information that it provides. The clear outline of the methodologies can be useful in conducting thesis and other scholarly researches. It also gives the authors in the researches that can aid citing for the researchers and thesis students. The website provides relevant information about the authors and their arts as relates to the health that is its main objective. All these factors justify and qualify the website as scholarly. The website provides lab safety practices that are

HR (Evaluation and Effectiveness of remuneration practices in a chosen Essay

HR (Evaluation and Effectiveness of remuneration practices in a chosen organisation) - Essay Example Since then, the company’s energy business was publicly introduced as the Origin Energy. Serving more than 3 million customers in Australia and the Pacific today, the company employs almost 4,000 employees throughout Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Region (Origin, 2009b). Due to the tight competition in the energy sector, the practice of pirating an employee from one business organization to another becomes difficult to control. By offering Origin’s competitive employees a higher salary and more attractive benefit packages, companies that produce and sell energy products could easily hire and convince these talented people to shift their loyalty and services to them. Given that Origin Energy is serving more than 3 million valued clients in Australia alone, the HR manager at Origin Energy is being challenged to offer competitive remuneration packages to its competitive employees in order to ensure that its competitive employees would remain loyal to the company. In line with this, the effectiveness of remuneration practices at Origin Energy will be thoroughly examined followed by providing recommended solution on how the HR manager will be able to lessen the turnover rate of its employees. The main purpose of remuneration practices at Origin Energy is not only limited in compensating employees in exchange for the services they have rendered to the company but also attract more competitive individuals to join the team for a long period of time. In line with motivating competitive people to actively participate in managing the daily operations of the company, remunerating practices offered by the company aims to retain the best employees who have the necessary skills needed by the business (Origin, 2009d). Remuneration packages offered to Origin’s executive and non-executive directors as well as its employees varies from one

Factors That Affect the UK Pension Crisis

Factors That Affect the UK Pension Crisis Investigating the factors that affect the UK pension crisis Introduction This review examines the background literature regarding the causes of the UK pension crisis[1], and the various measures taken to combat the crisis. In order to understand the nature of the problem, it is first necessary to consider a bit of background on the UK pension system, and UK demographics. There is some debate over which types of pensions – pay as you go (PAYG) or funded schemes – are best. Barr (2006, 2) explains that ‘[i]n a PAYG scheme pensions are paid out of current income. In a fully funded scheme, pensions are paid from a fund built over a period of years from members’ contributions. Virtually all state pension schemes are mainly PAYG; private schemes are generally funded (though not necessarily adequately).’ The UK state system ‘is a complex mix of several components, paid for on a pay-as-you-go basis though a mixture of national insurance contributions and general taxation’ (Hills, 2006, 116). Non-state, voluntary schemes include occupational pensions which may be either defined contribution (DC) or defined benefit (DB) schemes, and private pensions which are usually DC. In recent years the majority of occupational DB schemes in the UK have closed. The demographics of the population have changed significantly over recent years. Barr (2006, 4) argues that ‘[a]verage age at death in the UK (and similarly in other countries) has been rising steadily at least since 1860 Clearly, as more and more people live to pensionable age and, having achieved that, live longer and longer beyond that, the costs of pensions rise and, as a proposition in pure logic, rise disproportionately.’ However, the UK also faces some country-specific pension issues, and these will be the focus of this dissertation. At the root of the problem with PAYG schemes is the ageing population, but there are other factors which affect the supply and demand of funded schemes, and against which policy may be more easily directed. Three of these are drawn out in this dissertation. As such, and for clarity, this literature review is structured around the three themes: public knowledge and understanding of pensions in the UK; the level of private savings in the UK; and the recent decline of DB schemes in the UK. However, it should be noted that these three factors are interrelated, as will be demonstrated in the analysis that follows. Public pension knowledge Pensions are always subject to a problem of imperfect information – when one considers how and how much to save for retirement, the decision is made on an estimate (not a certainty) of life expectancy. However, there are further problems in terms of knowledge and understanding of pensions, particularly in the UK. ‘On the microeconomic side, the advantages of consumer sovereignty are predicated on well-informed consumers, a very strong assumption in the case of pensions. Individuals are imperfectly informed, first, because of uncertainty about the future—individuals are not well-informed because nobody is well-informed. Second, they are imperfectly informed in the face of risk (Barr Diamond, 2006, 20). This second problem is particularly acute in the case of the UK. As the DWP (2006, 12) outlines, ‘[a] long-standing feature of the UK pensions system has been its complexity, which can confuse both employers and individuals trying to make the best financial decisions for the long term.’ Hills (2006, 123) confirms this point, and elaborates on it: ‘The UK pension system is—perhaps understandably—poorly understood, and that understanding has if anything declined in recent years: in 2000, only 53 per cent of the population reported at least a ‘reasonable, basic’ knowledge of pensions, but by 2005 this has fallen to 47 per cent. At the same time, levels of trust in pension providers and financial products are low. Even if people do realize that their pension will be inadequate, this combination makes it very hard for them to make a plan to do something about it.’ In addition to high levels of confusion about the pension system in the U K, there is relatively high freedom for the individual to decide how and how much to save for retirement. Banks et al (2002, 16) explain that ‘[t]he UK pension system allows individuals a great deal of choice over how much they save for their retirement and in which form they save.’ The DWP (2006, 6) claims that it is ‘helping people to make better informed choices about their retirement, introducing a range of pension forecasts to give individuals an understanding of the income they are likely to receive in retirement. Since their introduction, the Government has issued just over 20 million of these forecasts and we are developing web-based retirement planning services.’ These measures may not, however, be sufficient to guide individuals through what remains a complicated system. Considering the government also seeks to place the responsibility for pension decisions firmly with the individual[2], it is likely that more needs to be done to increase public knowledge and understanding of saving for retirement. Blake (2000, 233), for example, does not view such measures as sufficient. ‘The fact that membership of pension schemes at the second pillar remains voluntary is highly worrying for reasons of myopia and moral hazard. Compulsory contributi ons are seen as one way of dealing with individual myopia and the problem of moral hazard. Myopia arises because individuals do not recognise the need to make adequate provision for retirement when they are young, but regret this when they are old, by which time it is too late to do anything about it. Moral hazard arises when individuals deliberately avoid saving for retirement when they are young because they know the state will feel obliged not to let them live in dire poverty in retirement.’ In the next section, the problem of the lack of private savings will be considered in more detail. Lack of private savings Relative to many other countries, there is a lack of private saving in the UK. As the DWP (2006, 11) explains, ‘[r]etirement undersaving has arisen for a variety of reasons: because individuals have not trusted private pensions, because suitable savings vehicles have not been available to them, and because, in the face of a historically complex pensions system, financial short-sightedness and inertia have left inaction as the default option.’ This demonstrates the interrelationship between public knowledge of pensions and retirement income and levels of saving (eithrer through pensions or otherwise). This point is reiterated by Davis (2004, 22) who claims that ‘[s]urveys suggest there is a major underestimation of saving needs for retirement – and most individuals focus on pensions only 10 years ahead of retirement†¦ The saving problem may partly be linked to poor information.’ Clearly a lack of easily accessible and comprehensible information ha s contributed to the low levels of private savings in the UK. However, there are also other reasons. In addition to understanding how the system works, it is necessary that individuals are presented with the right incentives to encourage private saving. Davis (2004, 4)explains that ‘essential background for evaluating private pensions is provided by the structure of social security pensions. As in all countries, the scope for developing funded private pensions in the UK is conditional on the nature of compulsory, pay-as-you-go social security pension provisions. Broadly speaking, the development of social security in the UK has been favourable to private schemes, particularly as a consequence of the rather limited scope of social security on offer and the ability of employees to opt out of earnings-related social security pensions.’ However, in practice, low levels of private saving suggest that such incentives have not been sufficient. In addition, there are various disincentives to save for retirement and, indeed, there are disincentives for financial advisors to provide advice on retirement savings to those with low incomes. This is due to the risk that by the time they retire, their savings will disqualify them from certain means tested benefits to which they would otherwise have been entitled. Davis (2004, 10) argues that in the UK ‘[a] systemic incentive problem is that income support has a non-pension income test, such that benefits are withdrawn when incomes accrue, which discourages saving by low-income workers, and may also discourage membership of pension schemes.’ In a similar vein, the Economist (2005) argues that ‘[m]uch of the blame lies with the pension credit, one of Labours pet policies, which is damaging the incentive to save. By 2025, almost two-thirds of pensioners will be eligible for this means-tested payment, which tops up the meagre basic state pension. Since it is withdrawn at a rate of 40%, they will thus in effect be liable to the top rate of income tax on their savings income.’ In order to combat the low levels of saving in the UK, the government has developed various initiatives to promote and encourage saving. According to the DWP (2006, 15), they are going to ‘[i]ntroduce low-cost personal accounts to give those without access to occupational pension schemes the opportunity to save. People will be automatically enrolled into either their employer’s scheme or a new personal account, with the freedom to opt out. Employers will make minimum matching contributions.’ By creating a scheme into which people are automatically enrolled unless they opt out, this is likely to impact on private savings since, as Hills (2006, 123) explains, ‘[s]avings behaviour does not follow the optimizing pattern predicted by some economic models. Instead people procrastinate about difficult financial decisions and display considerable inertia. Interestingly, it appears that membership of otherwise identical pension schemes in terms of incentives such as employer contributions is much higher when people are automatically enrolled into them, with the right to opt out, than when they have to make a conscious decision to opt in.’ The closure of defined benefit schemes Traditionally, the UK has had a high level of private pensions as the state pension was meager and most employers offered DB occupational pensions. In recent years, however, most DB schemes (at least for private sector employees) have been closed to new entrants. This can be seen as a result of two key factors: increasing longevity and, more recently, the poor performance of the stock market. According to the DWP (2006, 10), ‘[s]ince the 1970s, employers have been retreating from occupational pensions as rapid increases in life expectancy and then the end of the high equity market in the late 1990s pushed costs higher than had been anticipated when occupational pension schemes were designed. This trend has continued, with 2 million fewer members of open private sector occupational pension schemes in 2004 than in 2000.’ The relatively poor performance of the equity market has certainly had a major impact on the nature of occupational pensions since funded pension schemes in the UK have traditional relied very heavily on investment in the stock market. The Economist (2002), for example, claims that ‘Britains pension funds have punted heavily on equities for many years. That strategy has paid off handsomely, but it does expose them to greater risk in the short term than more cautious strategies which put more money into less volatile bonds. The bear stockmarket of the past two years has hit pension funds hard and brought home to companies the investment risk that they are shouldering. At the same time they have become more aware of the risk of rising life expectancy at older ages, which increases the cost of a defined-benefit promise.’ These two issues combined have led to the closure of many schemes, and by the end of 2002, many schemes were running with large deficits (Davis, 2004, 12). The closure of so many DB schemes is deemed to be a contributing factor to the pensions crisis for two main reasons. The first is that the alternative – usually an occupational DC schemes – is considered more risky for individuals. The second is that there is generally a lower take up of DC pensions as compared with DB schemes. Thus, in effect, the switch to DC schemes is discouraging saving. Each of these two reasons will now be examined in turn. As Barr (2006, 2) explains, ‘[i]n a DB scheme, often run at the firm or industry level, the pension a person receives depends on his or her wage history and on length of service. One feature of this arrangement is that the risk of differential pension portfolio performance falls on the employer, and hence is shared more broadly than with DC arrangements. Second, the pension a worker gets is not fully actuarially related to his or her previous contributions.’ However, it can be deomnstrated that DC schemes actually tend to be more beneficial for employees who change employers several times over the course of their career (since such employees are effectively punished for each switch of employer in the DB system). Since most individuals these days do change employer at least a few times, this provides a strong argument for the case that a DC pension can be at least as good as a DB pension. Turning to the second reason, there is indeed evidence to suggest that individuals take up DC pensions at a lower rate than DB pensions. According to the Economist (2005), ‘[w]hen companies close their DB schemes, they typically offer a defined-contribution plan, in which employees build up their own pot of pension money. However, contribution rates into these DC plans tend to be much lower. According to the GAD [Government Actuary’s Department] survey, the total contribution rate from employers and employees into DC schemes is 8.9% of earnings compared with 18.8% into the private DB schemes.â⠂¬â„¢ This problem again relates back to the problem of lack of public knowledge and understanding of pensions. If DC pensions can be shown to be at least as good as DB pensions for the majority of employees, and yet the take up rate is lower, there must be a problem of information or incentives. In order to combat the so-called ‘problem’ of the closure of DB schemes, therefore, it may be more important to improve information about, and incentives to take out, DC pensions, rather than to try to resurrect the system of DB pensions. In the words of the Economist (2002), ‘[t]he way forward is not to lament the demise of final-salary schemes but to make DC plans work.’ Conclusion At the heart of the UK pensions crisis are two issues which work together to cause a crisis. With an ageing population, the dependency ratio increases to the extent that it is not possible to rely on PAYG schemes. At the same time, the level of savings within the UK is too low for the retired population to be able to rely on funded pensions. The low level of savings can be seen as caused by a number of factors, including a lack of clarity and information on pension requirements and choices, a lack of trust in the financial services sector and the information it provides, as well as certain disincentives which discourage individuals, particularly in the low income sector, from saving. The closure of DB schemes has interacted with the poor information and lack of trust to discourage certain people (who would previously have enrolled in a DB scheme) from enrolling in the DC alternative. All of these problems are interrelated and it is the combination of them that can be seen as causing the UK pension crisis. In the words of Davis (2004, 22), ‘the savings gap is aggravated by †¦ the deficits and closure of defined benefit funds, loss of confidence in personal pensions and also in life insurance generally following mis-selling of personal pensions.’ As such, it is a combination of policies that is required to tackle these problems. Bibliography Banks, J., Blundell, R., Disney, R., Emmerson, C. (2002). Retirement, Pensions and the Adequacy of Saving: A Guide to the Debate. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. Barr, M., Diamond, P. (2006). The Economics of Pensions. Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 22 (1), 15-39. Barr, N. (2006). Pensionse: Overview of the Issues. Oxfor Review of Economic Policy , 22 (1), 1-14. Blake, D. (2000). Two decades of pension reform in the UK: What are the implications for occupational pension schemes? Employee Relations , 22 (3), 223-245. Davis, E. P. (2004). Is there a Pension Crisis in the UK? London: The Pensions Institute, Cass Business School. DWP. (2006). Security in retirement: towards a new pensions system Executive Summary. London: Department for Work and Pensions. Economist. (2002, February 22). End of the party: How bad for employees is the decline in final-salary pensions? The Economist . Economist. (2005, June 23). Pension reform: The shape of things to come. The Economist . Hills, J. (2006). A New Pension Settlement for the Twenty-First Century? The UK Pensions Commissions Analysis and Proposals. Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 22 (1), 114-133. Mullan, P. (2002). The Imaginary Time Bomb: Why an Ageing Population is not a Social Problem. London: I B Tauris. Footnotes [1] While discussion of the UK ‘pension crisis’ is very common, it is worth bearing in mind that the current situation is not unanimously viewed as a crisis. Barr (2006), for example, argues that a problem exists but not a crisis. Mullan (2002) does not even consider it to be a problem. [2] â€Å"We need to be clear that individuals must be responsible for their own plans for retirement. The reforms will ensure the provision of high-quality savings vehicles, and a solid state foundation to private savings. But the choice of how much to save, the level of risk to take with investments, and how long to work must be available to the individual. That provides the right balance of choice and support for individual responsibility.† (DWP, 2006, 22)

performance enhancing drugs in sports Essay -- essays research papers

Performance Enhancing Drugs: Introduction The Tour de France is considered the world’s most competitive bicycle race. Each summer top cycling teams from around the world compete in the three-week event, which sends riders on a grueling, multi-stage course through the mountainous countryside of Ireland, France, and Belgium. In 1998, the image of Tour de France cyclists as athletes at the peak of their natural abilities was tarnished by allegations of widespread performanceenhancing drug use among competitors. The â€Å"doping† scandal broke a few days prior to the start of the race when a masseuse for France’s Festina team, Willy Voet, was arrested after police found large quantities of anabolic steroids and erythropoietin, or EPO, in his car as he crossed from Belgium into France. A subsequent police investigation uncovered a wellorganized system, orchestrated by the team’s management and doctor, for supplying riders with illicit performance-enhancing drugs. The Festina team was suspended from the Tour, and further investigations by French police led to the suspension and withdrawal of several more teams. Riders went on strike to protest the investigations, and less than half of the original competitors finished the race. French authorities are not alone in punishing athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs. From the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to the National Basketball Association (NBA) to the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), most high-profile sports organizations have taken substantial steps to crack down on doping. Stronger anti-doping initiatives are considered necessary to preclude scandals that damage the image of sports and to silence critics who contend that not enough is being done to rid sports of drugs. The IOC, for example, which enforces the rules of the Olympic Games, set up the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999 as an independent body charged with coordinating a consistent system for testing Olympic athletes. WADA works with international sports federations and Olympic committees and has begun conducting unannounced, out-of-competition tests on Olympic hopefuls. This practice reduces the chance that competitors will rid their systems of drugs before being tested. The list of banned substances on the Olympic Movement’s Anti-Doping Code includes stimulants, narcotics, anabolic steroids, beta blockers, diuretic... ...es Goldberg, â€Å"As the stakes became higher, so did the number of athletes who sought performance-enhancing drugs, spurred on by the lure of big contracts and lucrative endorsements.† Keeping drugs out of athletic competition has only become more difficult for sports authorities since drug testing was introduced to the Olympic Games in 1968. Changing social norms and technology, which spurred the initial drive to ban drugs in sports, may end up settling the debate. Western societies have shown increasing tolerance for using drugs to enhance performance in areas of life outside of athletics. Drugs such as Viagra, Prozac, and Ritalin are now regularly prescribed to improve sexual, social, and academic performance. It may simply be a matter of time before the â€Å"integrity† of athletics no longer appears threatened by performanceenhancing drugs, particularly if safer drugs are developed. The ethical debate over whether or not athletes should use performance-enhancing drugs is one of the issues discussed in At Issue: Performance-Enhancing Drugs. Other issues include the effectiveness of drug testing, the rise of steroid use among teenage athletes, and the dan gers of dietary supplements. performance enhancing drugs in sports Essay -- essays research papers Performance Enhancing Drugs: Introduction The Tour de France is considered the world’s most competitive bicycle race. Each summer top cycling teams from around the world compete in the three-week event, which sends riders on a grueling, multi-stage course through the mountainous countryside of Ireland, France, and Belgium. In 1998, the image of Tour de France cyclists as athletes at the peak of their natural abilities was tarnished by allegations of widespread performanceenhancing drug use among competitors. The â€Å"doping† scandal broke a few days prior to the start of the race when a masseuse for France’s Festina team, Willy Voet, was arrested after police found large quantities of anabolic steroids and erythropoietin, or EPO, in his car as he crossed from Belgium into France. A subsequent police investigation uncovered a wellorganized system, orchestrated by the team’s management and doctor, for supplying riders with illicit performance-enhancing drugs. The Festina team was suspended from the Tour, and further investigations by French police led to the suspension and withdrawal of several more teams. Riders went on strike to protest the investigations, and less than half of the original competitors finished the race. French authorities are not alone in punishing athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs. From the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to the National Basketball Association (NBA) to the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), most high-profile sports organizations have taken substantial steps to crack down on doping. Stronger anti-doping initiatives are considered necessary to preclude scandals that damage the image of sports and to silence critics who contend that not enough is being done to rid sports of drugs. The IOC, for example, which enforces the rules of the Olympic Games, set up the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999 as an independent body charged with coordinating a consistent system for testing Olympic athletes. WADA works with international sports federations and Olympic committees and has begun conducting unannounced, out-of-competition tests on Olympic hopefuls. This practice reduces the chance that competitors will rid their systems of drugs before being tested. The list of banned substances on the Olympic Movement’s Anti-Doping Code includes stimulants, narcotics, anabolic steroids, beta blockers, diuretic... ...es Goldberg, â€Å"As the stakes became higher, so did the number of athletes who sought performance-enhancing drugs, spurred on by the lure of big contracts and lucrative endorsements.† Keeping drugs out of athletic competition has only become more difficult for sports authorities since drug testing was introduced to the Olympic Games in 1968. Changing social norms and technology, which spurred the initial drive to ban drugs in sports, may end up settling the debate. Western societies have shown increasing tolerance for using drugs to enhance performance in areas of life outside of athletics. Drugs such as Viagra, Prozac, and Ritalin are now regularly prescribed to improve sexual, social, and academic performance. It may simply be a matter of time before the â€Å"integrity† of athletics no longer appears threatened by performanceenhancing drugs, particularly if safer drugs are developed. The ethical debate over whether or not athletes should use performance-enhancing drugs is one of the issues discussed in At Issue: Performance-Enhancing Drugs. Other issues include the effectiveness of drug testing, the rise of steroid use among teenage athletes, and the dan gers of dietary supplements.

Moving from prescribing medications by brand name to INN

Abstract Drug prescription is not only a routine in medical use functioning, but also plays pivotal role in improving the health status of patients seeking such services. The nature and efficacy of pharmacy services depends on the extent of professionalism, which define the methods and ethical standards with which one carries out such duties.Furthermore, pharmaceutical services vary from one place to another, and often governed by the prevailing state laws. This research paper therefore, presents a detailed discussion of two main aspect of pharmacy. The first section entails the shift in the drug prescription methods, from the initial brand based method to the modern based on the active ingredient making up the medicine. The second section outlines the contribution of a pharmacist in influencing the brand of medicine that can be prescribed in a clinical process. Introduction The efforts aimed at changing the health care provider’s prescribing behaviour to achieve consistency with the ever changing best medical practises is the chief challenge ensuring the safest dispensation and use of medicine. Due the emergence of new data about the use of drugs such as their effectiveness, dosing options, side effects, indications as well as contraindications, the existing pharmaceutical options also keep on evolving (Garcia-Gollarte et.al, 2012). As a result of the new changes in the medical practises, there are resulting gaps between the prescription options based on evidence, and the usual practises in most clinics. For example, other than the common error of under dozing and over dozing, the prescribers may occasionally give particular medicines for wrong conditions. Biological Medicines and Biosimillar medicines The biological medicines are also referred to as biologics, and consist of organic compounds made through biotechnological mechanisms. The biologics appeared for use in the 1980s, and have since then advanced to bring improvements in the treatment of many diseases. Their uses as alternative medicine have revolutionized the treatment of diseases, which has led to the improvement of health status across billions of people in the world. Consequently, this category of drugs has become popular since their introduction, a process whose end has seen the diminishing power of the original biological medicine. There are many manufacturing companies, who have acquired the permission to manufacture similar brands of the original biological medicine, commonly trending the medical market as biosimillar medicines. As a result of the existing complexity in the process of manufacturing the original medicine, the biosimillar medicines do not qualify for the generic class of medicine (Dylst, Vulto & Simoens, 2013). This is mainly due to the fact that this category is not typically identical to the original medicine. There are concerns regarding the authenticity and the effectiveness of the process of differentiating between such biosimillar medicines and the original biological medicines. These concerns are based on the extents of similarities observed when such drugs are used, as compared to the original biological medicines. For example, under same conditions of a particular patient, when a biosimillar is compared with Infliximab, the uses of biosimilars have manifested the same therapeutic efficacy, as well as the incidences of drug related events. In addition to the similar levels of therapeutic efficacy, biosimilars are equally tolerated by the body system, and also comparable in terms of their safety issues. It is the complexity in their manufacturing processes, in tandem with safety concerns that the ongoing monitoring derives its basis (Declerck & Simoens, 2012).Concerns regarding the use of biosimilar drugsThe concerns rose over the issues relating to safety, efficacy and the cost of using the biosimilars have resulted into the urgent need for a change of prescription method from the initial brand name to the use of active ingredients. This is because of the compromise of such brands, in which certain biosimilars do not recognize the copied brands, and thus creating confusion. The key concern that has been raised through the Pharmacovigilance involves the criteria wit which one can use to draw a line between the original biological medicine and the biosimilar medicines. There are a plethora of biosimilar medicines that after manufacturing have been approved by the European Medicines Agency. Such approvals have derived their bases on the abbreviated programs, in which the manufacturing process was purely based on copying the formula of those biological medicines already in the market. Some of these biosimilar medicines in this category exist in the market, despite lack of approval by the regulatory bodies, under the legal regulatory frameworks within Europe. Their lack of approval has therefore led to the ultimate doubt about the validity of such medicines, especially the possibility of adverse reactions occurring as side effects. The cost of purchasing the biosimilar medicines has also raised major concerns in the pharmaceutical industries in the Europe, just like other parts of the world. The relative low cost of acquiring such medicines has led into a perception by many people, that the existence of cheaper alternatives could be derailing the development of the industry. Consequently, there is an increase of pressure to prescribe the cheaper and new alternatives among patients, who may not afford the original biological medicines. Furthermore, such pressures have led to the increased use of such alternatives without any critical attention paid to the criteria of prescription and application of brand names. Transition from the drug brand name to the INN system of drug prescription The recent decades have been epitomised by a major burden of chronic diseases, not only among the European member states, but also across the globe. In order to curb the ever growing menace of such diseases among populations, the concerned authorities such as the World Health Organization, through respective governments have had to act. The chief aim of such action by the WHO, through respective governments have been to facilitate, and enforce laws to ensure that all professional health workers and patients access the safest, high quality, modern and affordable medicine to improve the health status of their people. Biomedical studies over time have identified the biological medicines as one of the most effective categories of medicine that can meet this criterion. However, the main challenge in the provision of such biological medicine has been manifested on the means of identification by both patients and pharmacists during prescription. Surveys have further pointed out that the method of prescription plays a pivotal role in limiting the resulting confusion during the identification of drugs from place, particularly from one country to another within Europe (CDC, 2012). For instance, over the recent decades, the method of prescription has been based on the brand name. There are a number of factors that determine the brand name for a particular medicine, such as the location or trans-border movements within Europe. Such variation have therefore been a core ingredient in breeding the much confusion when prescribing drugs from one place, especially for patients who may be new in such places. A particular brand name for a medicine used at one point may either be unfamiliar, or used for a different medicine in another place (Rotenstein et.al, 2013). Consequently, the need for a more standardised system of naming and prescribing drugs across the globe, including the European member states becomes an indispensible discourse. The European member states, in tandem with the world, have therefore joined the movement from prescribing medications by brand name to the INN International Nonproprietary Name (INN). Currently, there is a legislation process, whose purpose is to prevent doctors from brand prescription, but rather an active ingredient in the medicine, to allow easy determination by the patient. The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) The International Nonproprietary Name is a special term in healthy sciences and medicines, which is given to pharmaceuticals for purposes of easy identification. Having been initiated by the World Health Organization, the INN system of identification began to operate in 1953, for the benefit of not only the health workers such as pharmacists, but also help patients identify their medication with ease. The ease of identification was based on the common aim of the system for the generation of convenient common names for the existing pharmaceutical substances. In this case, each name generated under this system becomes unique for a global recognition of the substance as a public property. Consequently, the INN given to each pharmaceutical can have wide uses for the manufacturers and users, as well as the process of generic prescription in studies regarding drug use (CDC, 2012). The use of the International Nonproprietary Name in the drug prescription process functions to harmonise the communication regarding the medical activities among health professionals, drug consumers and patients. As a result, this system helps to prevent potential occurrence of medication errors. A medication error refers to any resulting misconception in the processes of drug prescription, dispensation, administration as well as monitoring the use of a particular drug. Medication errors are a major cause of most adverse reactions in patients, whose prevention can easily be achieved through accurate use of the relevant drugs. The accuracy can also be achieved through a process of synchronization, in which a single drug can retain a single identification from one place to another. A prescription method, based on the active ingredient as the common component of a particular drug, such as the INN system, has been enforced through a new legislative body referred to as the European Union Pharmacovigilance Legislation. Pharmacovigilance is a process, which consists of scientific activities of detecting, conducting an assessment of the adverse risks, understanding, and the establishment of potential prevention measures for the resulting adverse reactions (CDC, 2012). The European Medicines AgencyResponsibilitiesThe chief responsibility of the European Medicines Agency is to obtain and report the relevant data regarding adverse drug reactions, resulting from medical errors. Such reports are gathered and submitted to the Eudravigilance, a database that stores all the relevant data for medical errors among the European member states. Moreover, the database system is designed in such a way that it does not only receive the relevant information on adverse drug reaction, but also processes, stores and avails upon demand, the stored information after electronic submission.s The database run by the European Medical agency also permits users to conduct a critical analysis of the data herein, and enables one t make accurate conclusions regarding the data collected in determining the prevailing medical trends in different regions of Europe (Declerck, & Simoens, 2012). In the modern system, there are legislative measures, which ensure that the data regarding medicines are stored and undergo general processing, during which drugs should maintain a standard description using the active ingredient, other than the initial brand name. In addition to the data reception, storage, and analysis through the Eudravigilance database, the legislative body also has a role of coordination among the European member states. The coordination role between different medicine regulatory authorities across Europe also involves all the individual Pharmacovigilance centres, as well as the patient safety authorities. The main aim of this role is to ensure that there is mutual flow of relevant information among the member states, so as to enhance communication of the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. The Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) is also a legislative committee charged with a duty of offering the requisite recommendations for all medicine regulatory frameworks within the EU (Allen & Ansel, 2013). The recommendations made by the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee function to enhance further safety issues, resulting from inappropriate use of medicines in various regions across the member states (O’Connor, Gallagher & O’Mahony, 2012). While formulating these recommendations, the committee takes into considerations, including risk management issues, to monitor the extent of effectiveness, with which various mechanisms help to eradicate the occurrence of medication errors and adverse drug reactions. Role of a Pharmacist in Determining a Drug Prescription Pharmacists have the most critical role in determining the type or brand of medication to prescribe. This is because they are the base of the powers for dispensing the drugs for patients, in a normal clinical routine (Gibberson et.al, 2013). When lack of professionalism occurs in the dispensation of medicines for patients, there are higher chances of adverse medical reactions resulting from medical errors. Each year, the occurrence of medical errors, emanating from inappropriate prescription and dispensation of medicines by unprofessional pharmacists has caused harm to at least 1.5 million people. Furthermore, the loss incurred in terms of the cost of treating the injuries caused in hospitals runs at higher levels of at least $3.5 Billion each year. However, these cost estimates do not take into account the additional cost in terms of the extra wages and salaries incurred while causing and correcting such messes (Spinewine, Fialova & Byrne, 2012). Throughout history, pharmacists have played a pivotal role in ensuring an improved patient health through appropriate prescription and dispensing of the right brand of medicine. Through improved disease management techniques and therapy practises, effective spending in healthcare activities, and enhanced adherence leads to improved quality of life (Haga et.al, 2013). In order to influence the brand of medicine to prescribe for a particular patient, the pharmacist should acquire a deeper comprehension of the patients’ medical condition. Most often, the pharmacist relies entirely on the information obtained from the technician, which helps them provide additional base for the patient’s safety (O’Connor, Gallagher & O’Mahony, 2012). In order to obtain the required accuracy, it is important for the technician to observe strict adherence to the system based procedures when obtaining the information regarding a patient’s medical condition. In cases where the technician experiences unusual or any form of abnormalities, it is their responsibility to inform the pharmacist, to enable them prescribe and dispense the right brand of medicine (Allen & Ansel, 2013).The Scope of Practise in PharmacyThe scope of practise for different pharmacists varies from one country to another, depending on the prevailing state laws. The governing board of pharmacy also plays a pivotal role in determining the extent to which professional pharmacists can exercise their powers, and ability to influence the type of prescription. There are sets of regulation in various countries, which permit the pharmacists to exercise their powers as professional within specific areas within the medical care system (Law et.al, 2012). On the other hand, other countries have laws that encourage a broader approach to service delivery within the medical service delivery. The pharmacist may therefore take part in different parts of the medication, ranging from diagnosis, prescription, drug dispensation as well as monitoring. The pharmacist therefore has a wide range of options and opportunities, during which they can influence the prescription of a given medicine (Abood, 2012).Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction is another aspect of enabler, through which pharmacists acquire an opportunity to influence the prescription. In the modern world of health care system, the practise of pharmacy has advanced from the initial practise of dispensing medicine and offering counselling sessions to offering more detailed clinical patient care services. In cases where a pharmacist meets restraining conditions in which they are unable to offer a wider spectrum of services to their patients, they often lack satisfaction from their jobs (A llen & Ansel, 2013).Eradication of fraudulent prescriptionThe main source of medical errors often emanate from fraudulent prescriptions, some of which are out of human intervention, while the rest may be unintentional. In order to take control of the process and make the relevant decision regarding the prescription, pharmacists should understand what constitutes fraudulent practises and work towards eradicating them. Fraudulent prescriptions are caused by legitimate practises, in which patients decide to make alterations to their prescriptions to suit their personal interests (Declerck & Simoens, 2012). In such cases, the patient may show preference for a particular brand of medicine, and insist that they be treated with the same. In other experiences, patients may also alter prescriptions depending on the cost incurred, in which they either opt for cheaper brands, or prefer more expensive brands due to their perception of higher quality and efficacy. A pharmacist may use their influence in such cases to discover the fraud and alter the prescription, and dispense the right medicine depending on the patient’s conditions (Cornes, 2012). In addition to cases of alteration, pharmacists also have the technical and professional skills to discover the validity of prescription pads. One of the most conspicuous methods of identifying the validity of such prescription pads may involve subjecting the contact information to a rigor of scrutiny, to determine if they bear the name of the bearer. Such details may include the surnames, contact phone number as well as the registration number (Campanelli, 2012). Professionally, stealing a prescription pads translates into an automatic medical error and a potential adverse reaction. In situations where the pharmacists discover such anomalies, there are a number of professional measures that can be employed to influence the brand of medication prescribed and dispensed. Pharmacists ensure that they apply strict rules, in which only the state authorised individuals or prescribers can write prescription orders. The state authorized person is defined by the state a trained physician, dentist, veterinarian, podiatrist, as well as other state registered practitioners. For instance, there are states with strict rules in which other health professionals such as physician assistants and nurses to participate in conducting prescriptions under supervision or instruction by the pharmacist in charge. Similarly, other states also permit a sense of autonomy for the mid-level practitioners (Law, et.al, 2012). The pharmacist therefore has a duty to understand the prevailing laws regarding the state provisions on drug prescription, before determining one. This helps them avoid cases of assumption, in which they perceive that every prescription given for the controlled substances is inappropriate. A pharmacist who obtains a prescription whose validity attracts signs of doubt or appears invalid in any way, it is professional to undertake affirmative steps aimed at establishing the authenticity of the prescription holder (Cornes, 2012). In cases where the pharmacists have doubts about the contact information, they may have to use the prescriber’s contact office, other than the patients contact information. A telephone call to the office creates an additional time in the prescription process, during the concerned parties may address the gaps in the existing prescription. This way, the pharmacist not only gets a chance to influence the types of medication prescribed, but also adheres to t he legal requirements, including state laws regarding the use of drugs. References Abood, R. R. (2012). Pharmacy practice and the law. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Allen, L. V., & Ansel, H. C. (2013). Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Campanelli, C. M. (2012). American Geriatrics Society Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults: The American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(4), 616. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2012). CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses-a US epidemic. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(1), 10. Cornes, P. (2012). The economic pressures for biosimilar drug use in cancer medicine. Targeted oncology, 7(1), 57-67. Declerck, P. J., & Simoens, S. A. (2012). European perspective on the market accessibility of biosimilars. Biosimilars, 2, 33-40. Dylst, P., Vulto, A., & Simoens, S. (2013). Demand-side policies to encourage the use of generic medicines: an overview. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research, 13(1), 59-72. Garcia-Gollarte, F., Baleriola-Julvez, J., Ferrero-Lopez, I., & Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. (2012). Inappropriate drug prescription at nursing home admission. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(1), 83-e9. Gibberson, R. A. D. M., Yoder, C. D. R., & Lee, C. D. R. (2012). Improving Patient and Health System Outcomes through Advanced Pharmacy Practice. A Report to the US Surgeon General. University of the Incarnate Word Pharmacy Review, 1(2). Haga, S. B., Burke, W., Ginsburg, G. S., Mills, R., & Agans, R. (2012). Primary care physicians’ knowledge of and experience with pharmacogenetic testing. Clinical genetics, 82(4), 388-394. Law, M. R., Ma, T., Fisher, J., & Sketris, I. S. (2012). Independent pharmacist prescribing in Canada O’Connor, M. N., Gallagher, P., & O’Mahony, D. (2012). Inappropriate Prescribing. Drugs & aging, 29(6), 437-452. Rolland, Y., Andrieu, S., Crochard, A., Goni, S., Hein, C., & Vellas, B. (2012). Psychotropic drug consumption at admission and discharge of nursing home residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(4), 407-e7. Rotenstein, L. S., Ran, N., Shivers, J. P., Yarchoan, M., & Close, K. L. (2012). Opportunities and Challenges for Biosimilars: What’s on the Horizon in the Global Insulin Market?. Clinical Diabetes, 30(4), 138-150. Spinewine, A., Fialova, D., & Byrne, S. (2012). The role of the pharmacist in optimizing pharmacotherapy in older people. Drugs & aging, 29(6), 495-510.

Testing Odysseus in the Epic Poem - 681 Words

Although out the epic poem The Odyssey the greek gods constantly challenged and tested a war hero named Odysseus; who is trying to get home to his wife and child. The gods are angry at Odysseus for taking all the credit for winning the Trojan war, now they want him to suffer. Odysseus is determined to get home no matter the challenge or obstacle. The Gods also test his will to go home, his faith, and his strengths. Odysseus’s will to go home is diminished by distracting beautiful women. During his journey he comes across many beautiful women. Odysseus spends years with a nymph named Calypso only leaving the comfort of the island because Hermes tells that Calypso must let Odysseus go home. â€Å"Son of Laerte; versatile Odysseus after these years with me you still desire your old home?† (lines 101-104) Odysseus said yes, even with her beauty Odysseus’s mind was still set on getting home to his family. Even though his mind was set to go home his some of his men’s weren’t; some ate lotus flowers and lost all desire to go home. Once Odysseus got home he was not discouraged by Penelopes doubt that an old beggar is Odysseus. He let Penelope test him. â€Å"Peace; let your mother test me at her leisure before long she will see and know me best.†(lines 1331-1332) Odysseus is not just going to give up at the end of his journey. Odysseus is confident that he will pass any test Penelope throws his way. No matter the challenge or distraction Odysseus’s will to go home is strong and eventuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Suitors In The Odyssey974 Words   |  4 Pagesspeak, and act. In Homer’s, The Odyssey, the mortal queen Penelope, is distracting the suitors while waiting for her long, lost husband, Odysseus, to come home from the Trojan War and twenty years at sea. Penelope worked to outsmart the powerful, self-entitled suitors, and proved that women could be just as, if not more, cunning than a man. 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